Instructions for Authors

The font should generally be 12-point Times New Roman. All lines should be double spaced. Double-spacing your lines makes the manuscript easier to read and mark up. Do not add an extra space between paragraphs. Page numbers should be centered on the bottom margin. The word limit of a manuscript is 7500-10000 words (including Abstract, Keywords, Notes, References, Tables and Figures).

The title of your manuscript is usually the first introduction readers have to your work. Therefore, you must select a title that grabs attention, accurately describes the contents of your manuscript, and makes people want to read further. The title should be short, specific, and informative. It should be in bold type, upper case, single-spaced, and centered across the top of the first page, in 14-point Times New Roman font. Author/s’ names should be cantered side by side. The full mailing address, telephone number, and e-mail address of the corresponding author should also be provided. It is editorial policy to list only one author for correspondence. It should also include the ORCID number (register by visiting https://orcid.org/) of the corresponding author (only).

The Abstract is a summary of the content of the journal manuscript, a time-saving shortcut for busy researchers and a guide to the most important parts of your manuscript’s written content. An abstract must not exceed 250 words. The abstract should be comprehensible to readers before they have read the article. It is essential that the abstract clearly states the importance of the work described in the article. It should include the research problems, the rationale for the study, aims, objectives, the hypothesis (if any) methods and procedures, data and anticipated research outcome. An abstract is often presented separately from the article, so it must be able to stand alone. Non-standard or uncommon abbreviations should be avoided, but if essential they must be defined at their first mention in the abstract itself. References should be avoided, but if essential, then cite the author(s) and year(s).

Authors should include at least 5 key words with manuscript during submission. Keywords are a tool to help indexers and search engines find relevant papers. If database search engines can find your journal manuscript, readers will be able to find it too. This will increase the number of people reading your manuscript, and likely lead to more citations. Keywords should represent the content of your manuscript and be specific to your field or sub-field

Authors should include at least 3 JEL code with manuscript during submission. JEL codes should be included at the end of the abstract. If you have any question regarding JEL codes, please visit this website.

https://cran.r-project.org/web/classifications/JEL.html

Nonstandard abbreviations should be defined at the first occurrence and introduced only where multiple use is made. Authors should not use abbreviations in headings.

Acknowledgments should be included in the first footnote in the article, denoted by an asterisk at the end of the article title.

Authors can use three levels of headings. First-level headings should be flushed left, in bold type 14-point Times New Roman font; first letter of main words should be in upper case. Second-level headings should be flushed left in bold, type12-point Time New Roman font; first letter of main words should be in upper case. Third-level headings are paragraph headings, which should be indented and in italicized 12-point Times New Roman font; first letter of the heading should be in upper case.

The body of the paper supports the central idea and must show a thoughtful, comprehensive study of the topic; it should be clearly written and easy to follow. It generally includes five main parts: Introduction, Review of literature, Methodology, Results & Data Analysis, and Discussion & Conclusion.

The main purpose of the introduction is to provide the necessary background or context for your research problem. Introduction should include what prompted your interest in the topic, relevance to previous research (literature, briefly) and what your research will contribute to the research and the field. Once you have provided background material and stated the problem or question for your study, tell the reader the purpose of your study. Generally, the reason is to fill a gap in the knowledge or to answer a previously unanswered question. Do not write a literature review in your Introduction but do cite reviews where readers can find more information if they want it.

The literature review needs to demonstrate that you have read broadly on the topic and its wider context. It should highlight trends in the literature relating to your research topic, including research areas, methodology, theoretical approaches and findings. Your review should outline some of the limitations and/or gaps in the literature that you have identified. You need to draw on your literature review to justify your own research.

This section provides the reader with all the details of how you conducted your study. Method should contain sufficient information for the reader to determine whether methodology is sound. You need to demonstrate your knowledge of alternative methods and make the case that your approach is the most appropriate and most valid way to address your research question.

In your method, you should discuss the following aspects:

Participants: describe the people who participate in your study.

Data collection procedure: describe how participants were recruited, whether they participated alone or in groups, how informed consent or assent was obtained, what they were asked to do, how they were compensated for their participation, etc.

List all your variables – independent or dependent? What level of measurement do you plan to use for each variable?

Research design: Are you doing qualitative or quantitative research; is it exploratory, descriptive or explanatory?

Data analysis: include any tools you will use to assist you with analysis (e.g. programs, models). Indicate how analyzing the data in this way will answer your research question.

limitations: look at your methodology and consider any weaknesses or limitations that may occur as a result of your research design. Address the limitations by indicating how you will minimize them.

Explain why you are using this type of study and what you plan to explore, describe, or explain.

Do you plan to use interventions, interviews, behavior’s observation, questionnaires, etc.?

The results section is a section containing a description about the main findings of a research. To write the results, you can use an organized structure, such as outlines, points or subheadings. For the results, figures and tables must be clear so the readers understand the message. Use good writing, clear argumentations, and logical explanations to support your conclusion. Since your results follow your method section, you’ll provide information about what you found from the methods you used, such as your research data. You may also include information about the measurement of your data, variables, treatments, and statistical analyses. Results should be presented in a logical order; it should be in order of importance. Use the past tense to describe your results; however, refer to figures and tables in the present tense. Do not duplicate data among figures, tables, and text. Instead, use the text to summarize what the reader will find in the table, or mention one or two of the most important data points. Include the results of statistical analyses in the text, usually by providing p values wherever statistically significant differences are described. Only present data that support the significance of your study. You can provide additional data in tables and figures as supplementary material.

You need to support your result section by providing more explanation in the discussion section about what you found. The discussion section interprets the results for readers and provides the significance of the findings. In the discussion section, outline your thoughts to defend your research and to emphasize the significance of your research. The discussion section is probably the most creative section of your paper in terms of telling a story about your research. In this section, based on your findings, you defend the answers to your research questions and create arguments to support your conclusions.

The first sentence of the first paragraph should state the importance and the new findings of your research. The first paragraph may also include answers to your research questions mentioned in your introduction section.

The middle should contain the interpretations of the results to defend your answers, the strength of the study, the limitations of the study, and an update literature review that validates your findings.

The end concludes the study and the significance of your research.

The conclusions and policy implications are an essential part of research papers and also, mark the end of a research paper. Both must be taken seriously as they are the very last impression you leave in the minds of your readers. They have the ability to add beauty and technicality to your piece of writing. It is important to note that the conclusion and policy implications may be combined or presented in separate sections depending on the type of research paper. You draw conclusions from your analysis of those results and then make policy implications based on your analysis. In short, tell your reader what your results mean and what actions should be taken as a result of your findings.

The conclusion section of a research paper should be an interpretation of your results, where you summarise all of the concepts that you introduced in the main body of the text in order of most to least important. No new concepts are to be introduced in this section. Your conclusion should be focused on discussing the essential features and the significant outcomes of your research. It highlights to your readers the importance of your research to them after they have read through it. The conclusion should be written in relation to the introduction in your research paper. This means that your conclusion should be written in such a way that it relates to the aims of the research paper.

Research implications basically refer to impact that your research might have on future research or policy decision or the relevant field of interest of your study. It suggests how the findings may be important for policy, practice, theory, and subsequent research. Research implications need to be substantiated by evidence and the study’s parameters need to be explained and the limitations taken into account to avoid over-generalization of results. The research implications are always supported by a strong statistical significance and correlations of results from your research keeping in view the shortcoming of the study.

Please ensure that every reference cited in the text is also present in the reference list (and vice versa). Any references cited in the abstract must be given in full. In-text citation and references should follow American Psychological Association (APA) Style. When acknowledging your source materials, you will note the author’s name(s) and date of publication. When the source is used as part of a sentence, cite the author(s) last name, with the publication date in parenthesis. All citations in the text should refer to:

Single author: the author’s surname (without initials) and the year of publication;

Two authors: both authors’ surnames and the year of publication;

Three or more authors: first author’s surname followed by ‘et al.’ and the year of publication.

Groups of references can be listed either first alphabetically, then chronologically, or vice versa.

Reference lists in American Psychological Association (APA) Style. View the APA guidelines to ensure your manuscript conforms to this reference style. Where applicable, author(s) name(s), journal title/ book title, chapter title/article title, year of publication, volume number/book chapter and the article number or pagination must be present. Use of DOI is highly encouraged.

References should be arranged first alphabetically and then further sorted chronologically if necessary. More than one reference from the same author(s) in the same year must be identified by the letters ‘a’, ‘b’, ‘c’, etc., placed after the year of publication.

Dollar, D. (1992). Outward-oriented developing economies really do grow more rapidly: Evidence from 95 LDCs, 1976–1985. Economic Development and Cultural Change, 40(3), 523–544. https://doi.org/10.1086/451959

Maddala, G., & Wu, S. (1999). A comparative study of unit root tests with panel data and a new simple test. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 61(1999), 631–652. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0084.61.s1.13

Liu, Y., Kumail, T., Ali, W., & Sadiq, F. (2019). The dynamic relationship between CO2 emission, international tourism and energy consumption in Pakistan: A cointegration approach. Tourism Review, 74(4), 761–779. https://doi.org/10.1108/TR-01-2019-0006

Harris R, Sollis R (2003) Applied time series modelling and forecasting. Wiley, New York.

Pedroni, P. (2001). Fully modified OLS for heterogeneous cointegrated panels. In B. H. Baltagi, T. B. Fomby, & R. Carter Hill (Eds.), Nonstationary panels, panel cointegration, and dynamic panels (Vol. 15, pp. 93–130). Advances in Econometrics. Emerald Group Publishing Limited. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0731-9053(00)15004-2

Cancer Research UK, 1975. Cancer statistics reports for the UK. http://www.cancerresearchuk.org/ aboutcancer/statistics/cancerstatsreport/ (accessed 13 March 2003).

Tables should be typed with double spacing, but minimizing redundant space, and each should be placed on a separate page. Each table should be numbered in sequence using roman numerals. Tables should also have a title above and should be cantered, if required, an explanatory footnote below. Titles of figures should use capitals and lowercase letters. Tables in appendices are to be numbered independently of those in the text: Table A.1, Table A.2, etc.

Place figures at the end of the paper on separate pages. The figure number should be cantered and should use roman numerals. Titles of figures should use capitals and lowercase letters and be cantered below the figure number. Captions (if any) should be in sentence form, treated as normal text. Note that figure titles and captions will be typeset, and should not, therefore, be part of the figure.

The function of appendices is to display documents that are important to main text but whose inclusion in the text would disturb rather than improve the flow of the writing. This may include copies of letters seeking participants, consent forms and draft surveys/questionnaires.